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major basilica
Major basilica ((ラテン語:Basilica maior); plural: ''Basilicae maiores'') is the title given to the four highest-ranking Roman Catholic churches, all of which are also "Papal basilicas": the Archbasilica of St. John in the Lateran, St. Peter's Basilica, the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls, and the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. All of them are located within the diocese of Rome: St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and thus within the territory and sovereign jurisdiction of the Holy See, while the other three are located in Italian territory. The Archbasilica of St. John in the Lateran is the seat of the Pope and the site of the Papal Cathedra, and is the oldest and first in rank of the Major Basilicas.
All other churches that have the title of basilica are minor basilicas ((ラテン語:basilica minor)).〔For ancient basilicas, it is common to refer to them as ''immemorial basilicas''.〕
== History ==
The title of "major basilica" was introduced in 1300 by Pope Boniface VIII. With the promulgation of the bull ''Antiquorum fida relatio'', he instituted the Holy Year and set the conditions for its indulgences. Boniface VIII renewed certain "great remissions and indulgences for sins" which were to be obtained "by visiting the city of Rome and the venerable basilica of the Prince of the Apostles". He offered "not only full and copious, but the most full, pardon of all their sins" to those who fulfilled certain conditions: First, as truly penitent, they had to confess their sins, and, second, they had to visit on pilgrimage the Basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul, the respective burial sites of the Apostles Pope St. Peter and St. Paul.
In the second jubilee year in 1350, Pope Clement VI designated as a third major basilica St. John in the Lateran, the Cathedral of Rome. He encouraged the faithful to make daily visits to St. John in the Lateran, besides those to the Basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul. Finally, for the next jubilee year in 1390, the Basilica of St. Mary Major, the oldest church in Rome dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, was added to the list. Visiting these four churches has remained one of the conditions for gaining the Roman Jubilee indulgence.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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